Recent wildfires have devastated approximately 12,000 houses, businesses, and other structures in the United States, underscoring the significant role that architectural and design choices play in protecting property. With nearly 44 million homes situated in the wildland urban interface (WUI) — where residential areas intersect with forests — understanding and implementing fire-resistant designs have never been more crucial. Experts emphasize that while regulations such as California's Chapter 7A enforce strict building rules for new homes in high-risk fire regions, older homes remain vulnerable due to outdated construction standards.
The structural resilience of a home against wildfires often begins with simple, cost-effective measures. Cal Fire recommends creating a defensible space by clearing dry vegetation and replacing mulch within five feet of all structures with noncombustible materials like dirt, stone, or gravel. Regular maintenance, such as cleaning roofs, gutters, decks, and the base of walls to prevent the accumulation of flammable debris, is also crucial. This maintenance can significantly reduce the risk of fire damage.
"Many southern California homes are inherently vulnerable due to their exterior materials and vegetated surroundings," noted Duan Tran.
For enhanced protection, homeowners can invest in architectural features that prevent wind-borne embers — the primary culprits in spreading wildfires. Researchers have identified enclosed eaves, vent screens, and multi-pane windows as effective defenses against embers. Additionally, metal roofs with fire-resistant underlayment, class A wood materials, and front-gabled designs without complex roof lines can help mitigate fire damage.
“As we’ve seen in LA and with the Marshall fire and Camp fire and Lahaina fire, what truly characterizes the process of a home burning down is largely the result of embers that fly miles ahead of that wildfire,” remarked Kimiko Barrett.
Community collaboration is equally important when it comes to wildfire prevention. When only one or two neighbors take precautions, it proves less effective than when the entire community works together. This collective effort can significantly enhance the overall resilience of a neighborhood.
“Folks say we could have prevented this, we could have just hardened the homes,” expressed Syphard.
There are numerous low-cost or free strategies that homeowners can employ to further safeguard their properties. Closing fireplace flues during wildfire season and relocating firewood at least 30 feet from homes cost nothing yet provide vital protection. Installing metal gutter guards and enclosing under-deck areas with metal mesh screening can be achieved for approximately $2,000.
However, challenges persist for homes constructed before 2008, when Chapter 7A was adopted. These regulations apply exclusively to new constructions in high-risk areas. Homes built from chemically-treated synthetic materials are particularly susceptible to fires as they can act as fuel during wildfires.
“This house was perfect; it was built for this,” stated Jacob Ruano, emphasizing the importance of forward-thinking design.